The batteries used in plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) will increasingly be utilized by property owners and grid operators to provide a wide variety of energy services. The power potential of the batteries can be used to reduce the utility costs of a building, or when aggregated with other vehicles or stationary energy storage sources, to provide ancillary services such as frequency regulation. The expected penetration of PEVs will provide sufficient numbers to compete with stationary energy storage and traditional peaking power plants. The additional cost for upgrading PEVs to V2G is considered favorable to the creation of new power generation assets.
V2G is currently being tested in pilot projects around the world and will initially be pursued by fleets and large consumers of energy where vehicles have established schedules for being plugged in. The highest demand for V2G will be in energy markets that are more open to new technologies and with higher concentrations of intermittent renewable power. Bulk energy storage applications such as storing excess wind energy production at night and returning the power to the grid during times of higher demand have not been aggressively pursued due to the potential negative impact of frequent full discharging on the cycle life of the batteries.
This Pike Research report examines the market opportunity for V2G technologies to be utilized for demand response, vehicle to building, frequency regulation, and various other ancillary services to support grid reliability and stability. The study analyzes technology issues and policy factors associated with the growth of V2G, as well as key hurdles to adoption. The strategies of key market participants are profiled, and forecasts are provided for V2G-enabled vehicles and service revenues through 2017.
Key Questions Addressed:
-When will V2G become commercially viable as a consumer application?
-What role will fleets play in launching V2G services?
-What is the revenue potential for V2G-enabled vehicles in ancillary services?
-How do local energy market regulations impact the potential for V2G?
-What regions of the world will lead in V2G adoption?
Who needs this report?
-Auto manufacturers and suppliers
-Battery manufacturers
-Utilities
-Grid operators
-Energy aggregators and services companies
-Government agencies
-Industry associations
-Investor community
Table of Contents
1. Executive Summary
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Market Evolution
1.3 Market Challenges
2. Market Issues
2.1 Development of V2G
2.1.1 Automaker Participation
2.1.2 Recent V2G Developments
2.1.3 Utility Involvement in V2G
2.2 PEV Sales
2.3 Ancillary Services
2.3.1 Energy Storage and Ancillary Services
2.3.2 V2G Market Barriers
2.3.3 Regional Demand for V2G in Ancillary Services
2.3.3.1 Markets in North America
2.3.3.2 ISO Regions
2.3.3.3 Markets in Europe
2.3.3.4 Markets in Asia Pacific
2.3.3.4.1. Japan
2.3.3.4.2. Korea
2.3.3.4.3. India
2.3.3.4.4. China
2.3.3.5 Markets in the Middle East
2.3.4 Demand Response
2.4 Virtual Power Plants/Microgrids
2.5 Vehicle to Building (V2B)
2.5.1 Demand Charge Avoidance and Peak Shaving
2.5.2 Emergency and Backup Power
2.6 Battery Charge and Discharge Rates
2.6.1 Bidirectional Power Delivery
2.6.2 Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles
2.7 Management of PEVs
2.7.1 Smart Charging Management
2.7.2 Data Analytics
2.8 Equipment Requirements
2.8.1 Onboard Equipment
2.8.2 Premise Equipment
2.8.3 Utility Upgrades
2.9 Permitting
3. Marketing and Commercialization
3.1 V2G Applicability of Ancillary Services
3.2 V2G Revenue Potential
3.2.1 Regulation Services
3.2.2 Demand Response
3.2.3 Pay-for-Performance
3.2.4 Battery Leasing
3.3 Battery Availability for V2G
3.4 V2G Case Studies
3.4.1 Amsterdam Smart City
3.4.2 Better Place – Israel and Denmark
3.4.3 DOE-Chrysler Trucks
3.4.4 EDISON Project
3.4.5 Green Crossover Town
3.4.6 Los Angeles Air Force Base
3.4.7 Maui Smart Grid Demonstration Project
3.4.8 MeRegio Mobil
4. Industry Drivers
4.1 Fleets
4.2 Trucks
4.3 Employers
4.4 Military
4.5 Expansion of Renewable Power Generation
4.5.1 Wind
4.5.2 Solar
4.6 Energy Aggregators and Energy Service Companies
5. Technology Issues
5.1 Security
5.2 Communications Standards
5.3 Safety Standard
5.4 Impact on Vehicle Batteries
6. Key Industry Players
6.1 AC Propulsion
6.2 AutoPort Inc.
6.3 Better Place
6.4 Bosch
6.5 Coulomb Technologies Inc.
6.6 Daimler
6.7 Dansk Energi
6.8 Dong Energy
6.9 Eetrex Inc.
6.10 EnBW
6.11 Energinet.dk
6.12 Envision Solar
6.13 Fleet Energy Company
6.14 GE
6.15 Grid2Home
6.16 Hitachi
6.17 IBM
6.18 ITOCHU
6.19 Mazda
6.20 Mitsubishi
6.21 National Grid
6.22 Nissan Motor Corp.
6.23 NRG Energy
6.24 Nuvve
6.25 PGE
6.26 PJM
6.27 Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
6.28 Ricardo
6.29 RWE
6.30 SAP
6.31 SAE International
6.32 Siemens
6.33 Silver Spring Networks
6.34 TARDEC
6.35 Tendril
6.36 University of Delaware
6.37 Zam Energy
7. Market Forecasts
7.1 V2G-Enabled Light-Duty Vehicles
7.2 V2G-Enabled Light-Duty Fleet Vehicles
7.3 V2G Investment
7.4 V2G-Enabled MD/HD Trucks
7.5 V2G-Enabled LD Vehicle Revenue from Ancillary Services
7.6 V2G-Enabled MD/HD Truck Revenue from Ancillary Services
8. Company Directory
9. Acronym and Abbreviation List
10. Table of Contents
11. Table of Charts and Figures
12. Scope of Study, Sources and Methodology, Notes
List of Charts and Figures
V2G Applications and Participants
Diagram of Vehicle and Grid Interaction in V2G
States with Deregulated Electricity Markets
The European Grid’s Five Synchronous Areas
V2G-enabled PEV
Green Crossover Town Project Diagram
Cumulative Light-Duty PEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
V2G-Enabled Light-Duty PEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
Total Ancillary Services Revenue, LD V2G-Enabled PEVs, Base Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
Light-Duty PEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
Light-Duty PEV Fleet Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
MD/HD Plug-in Trucks, Class 3-8 Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
Cumulative Employer-Owned EV Charging Equipment Sales by Region: World Markets: 2011-2017
Cumulative Installed Wind Capacity by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
Annual V2G-enabled Light-duty PEV Sales, World Markets: 2011-2017
V2G-Enabled Light-Duty Fleet PEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
Vehicle Investment, V2G-Enabled Light-Duty PEVs, World Markets: 2011-2017
Cumulative V2G-Enabled MD/HD Trucks, Class 3-8 Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
Total Ancillary Services Revenue, V2G-Enabled Light-Duty PEVs, Base Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
Ancillary Services Revenue, V2G-Enabled MD/HD Trucks, Base Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
List of Tables
Ancillary Services Overview
Comparison of Battery Utility for Ancillary Services
Cumulative Light-Duty PEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
Light-Duty PHEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
Light-Duty BEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
Light-Duty PEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
Light-Duty PHEV Fleet Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
Light-Duty BEV Fleet Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
Light-Duty PEV Fleet Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
Cumulative EVSE Unit Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
Cumulative Employer-Owned EV Charging Equipment Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
MD/HD Plug-in Truck, Class 3-8 Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
Cumulative Workplace Charging Equipment Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
Cumulative Installed Wind Capacity by Country, World Markets: 2011-2017
V2G-Enabled Light-Duty PEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
Cumulative V2G-Enabled Light-Duty PEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
V2G-Enabled Light-Duty Fleet PEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
Cumulative V2G-Enabled Fleet PEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
Vehicle Investment, V2G-Enabled Light-Duty PEVs, World Markets: 2011-2017
Vehicle Investment, V2G-Enabled Light-Duty Fleet PEVs, World Markets: 2011-2017
V2G Infrastructure Investment, Light-Duty PEVs, World Markets: 2011-2017
Cumulative Capacity of V2G-Enabled Light-Duty PEVs by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
Cumulative Storage Capacity of V2G-Enabled Light-Duty PEVs by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
V2G-Enabled MD/HD PEV Trucks, Class 3-8 Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
Cumulative V2G-Enabled MD/HD PEV Trucks, Class 3-8 Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
Cumulative Capacity of V2G-Enabled MD/HD Trucks, Class 3-8, World Markets: 2011-2017
Cumulative Storage Capacity of V2G-Enabled MD/HD Trucks, Class 3-8, World Markets: 2011-2017
Vehicle Investment, V2G-Enabled MD/HD Trucks, Class 3-8, World Markets: 2011-2017
V2G Infrastructure Investment, MD/HD Trucks, World Markets: 2011-2017
Frequency Regulation Revenue, LD V2G-Enabled PEVs, Base Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
Frequency Regulation Revenue, LD V2G-Enabled PEVs, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
Demand Response Revenue, LD V2G-Enabled PEVs, Base Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
Demand Response Revenue, LD V2G-Enabled PEVs, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
Other Ancillary Services Revenue, LD V2G-Enabled PEVs, Base Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
Other Ancillary Services Revenue, LD V2G-Enabled PEVs, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
Total Ancillary Services Revenue, LD V2G-Enabled PEVs, Base Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
Total Ancillary Services Revenue, LD V2G-Enabled PEVs, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
Frequency Regulation Revenue, MD/HD V2G-Enabled Trucks, Base Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
Frequency Regulation Revenue, MD/HD V2G-Enabled Trucks, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
Demand Response Revenue, MD/HD V2G-Enabled Trucks, Base Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
Demand Response Revenue, MD/HD V2G-Enabled Trucks, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
Other Ancillary Services Revenue, MD/HD V2G-Enabled Trucks, Base Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
Other Ancillary Services Revenue, MD/HD V2G-Enabled Trucks, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
Ancillary Services Revenue, MD/HD V2G-Enabled Trucks, Base Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
Ancillary Services Revenue, MD/HD V2G-Enabled Trucks, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
To order this report:
Energy technology Industry: Vehicle to Grid Technologies
